Wind and Bird Migration Modeling
The influence of wind selectivity on migratory behavioral strategies
Abstract: Air and water currents affect the timing and energy expenditure of many migratory animals, and therefore selection of favorable
currents is important for optimal migratory performance. However, waiting for favorable currents also incurs costs. Here we conduct an
optimality analysis to determine how wind selectivity affects 3 migratory currencies: time, energy, and risk. To describe variation in
these metrics under varying degrees of selectivity, we constructed an individual-based model to simulate fall migration of passerines
across eastern North America, allowing birds to use different thresholds of wind profit as the criterion for daily departure. A gradient
of thresholds were tested across a range of realistic wind currents, from initiating flights only on nights when winds were directed in
their preferred migratory direction (highly selective), to flying under most wind conditions (low selectivity). Our analysis indicated that
relative mortality risk was lowest at intermediate selectivity; energy expended during flight was least for the most selective individuals;
and of those that successfully completed migration, time spent on migration was lowest for the least selective birds. We solved for the
optimal range of wind selectivity and show that this departure criterion alone can produce a tradeoff between time and energy that has
been seen in many other behavioral contexts. While we solved for optima using some conditions specific to eastern North America,
we show that variation in wind selectivity at departure can produce migratory behaviors that mimic the classic “time-minimizer” and
“energy-minimizer” strategies developed from measurements of wild birds across multiple continents.
doi:10.1093/beheco/arx141
J. D. McCabe, B. J. Olsen, B. Osti, P. O. Koons, The influence of wind selectivity on migratory behavioral strategies. Behavioral Ecology. 29, 160–168 (2017).
