Liam:

Strain Partitioning and Fault Segmentation

2018-06-07T18:21:52Z

Liam:

== Role of topography, rock rheology, and boundary conditions in strain partitioning and fault evolution in active transpressional orogens ==

Song, B.R. 1; Upton, P. 1, 2; Koons, P.O. 1
1 School of Earth and Climate Sciences, University of Maine
2 GNS Science

== Introduction ==

Strain partitioning and fault segmentation in transpressional mountain belts appears linked to stress perturbations controlled by oblique tectonic loading, topographically-induced stress, dynamic stress during fault rupture, and their heterogeneous interactions. Field-based studies alone cannot provide full information on the spatial and temporal variation of stress patterns and the relative impact of the controlling factors due to complexity along with coupling between tectonic deformation and surface processes.
For this reason, kinematic and dynamic characteristics of 3-D deformation formed by strain partitioning in an obliquely convergent region such as the Southern Alps, New Zealand, is still poorly understood.
In this study, we investigate the numerical solution for 3-D deformation to answer the following questions.
(1) How sensitive is strain partitioning and fault evolution to rock rheology and boundary conditions?
(2) How are the stress and strain distributions around a fault zone reflected in fault segmentation and how do they relate to the topography?

== Model setup ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
*Strain softening rheological model (FLAC3D).
*A 200 m spaced digital elevation model of the Whataroa-Waiho region in the central Alpine fault.
*The Whataroa-Waiho region embedded into a model with dimensions of 200 km x 100 km x 26 km to minimize boundary effects.
*An upper, 2 km thick region with no preexisting weakness.

! [[File:Figure1 model setup.png|800px]]
|-
|}

Strain Partitioning and Fault Segmentation

2018-06-07T18:18:47Z

Liam: Created page with " == Role of topography, rock rheology, and boundary conditions in strain partitioning and fault evolution in active transpressional orogens == Song, B.R. 1; Upton, P. 1, 2; K..."

== Role of topography, rock rheology, and boundary conditions in strain partitioning and fault evolution in active transpressional orogens ==

Song, B.R. 1; Upton, P. 1, 2; Koons, P.O. 1
1 School of Earth and Climate Sciences, University of Maine
2 GNS Science

== Introduction ==

Strain partitioning and fault segmentation in transpressional mountain belts appears linked to stress perturbations controlled by oblique tectonic loading, topographically-induced stress, dynamic stress during fault rupture, and their heterogeneous interactions. Field-based studies alone cannot provide full information on the spatial and temporal variation of stress patterns and the relative impact of the controlling factors due to complexity along with coupling between tectonic deformation and surface processes.
For this reason, kinematic and dynamic characteristics of 3-D deformation formed by strain partitioning in an obliquely convergent region such as the Southern Alps, New Zealand, is still poorly understood.
In this study, we investigate the numerical solution for 3-D deformation to answer the following questions.
(1) How sensitive is strain partitioning and fault evolution to rock rheology and boundary conditions?
(2) How are the stress and strain distributions around a fault zone reflected in fault segmentation and how do they relate to the topography?

== Model setup ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:500px" |
*Strain softening rheological model (FLAC3D).
*A 200 m spaced digital elevation model of the Whataroa-Waiho region in the central Alpine fault.
*The Whataroa-Waiho region embedded into a model with dimensions of 200 km x 100 km x 26 km to minimize boundary effects.
*An upper, 2 km thick region with no preexisting weakness.

! [[File:Figure1 model setup.png]]
|-
|}

File:Figure1 model setup.png

2018-06-07T18:18:28Z

Liam:

Current Research

2018-06-07T17:59:49Z

Liam:

<h1 div id="mp-topbanner" style="clear:both; position:relative; box-sizing:border-box; width:40em; margin:1.2em 0 6px; min-width:47em; border:1px solid #ddd; background-color:#f3f7ff; color:#000; white-space:nowrap;">

<div style="margin:0.4em; width:22em; text-align:center;">
<div style="font-size:175%; padding:.1em;">'''Recent or Ongoing Research'''</div>
<div style="font-size:75%;">
: This page is for recently completed or ongoing research efforts.</div>
</div></h1>

<h2 id="mp-itn-h2" style="margin:0.5em; width:40em; font-family:inherit; font-size:175%; font-weight:normal; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">

== Ongoing ==

*'''2018:''' [[Strain Partitioning and Fault Segmentation]]

*'''2018:''' [[Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics]]

*'''2018:''' [[Microtopography and Surface Water Detention|Microtopography and Surface Water Detention]]

*'''2018:''' [[Penobscot Watershed Hydrology and History|Penobscot Watershed Hydrology and History]]

*'''2018:''' [[Sedimentation in Maine Lakes]]

*'''2018:''' [[Glacier Edge Dynamics]]
== Recent ==

*'''11/20/2017:''' [[Shallow Fault Structure and Strains]]

*'''9/20/2017:''' [[Wind and Bird Migration Modeling]]

</h2>

MediaWiki:Common.css

2018-06-07T17:46:01Z

Liam:

/* CSS placed here will affect users of the Vector skin */

/* Change background colors */

#mw-head {
background-image: url(http://wiki.geodynamics.umaine.edu/images/8/8f/HimalayaPanorama.png);
}

body {
background-color: #ffffff;
}

#mw-head-base {
background-color: #ffffff;
}

#mw-panel {
background-color: #ffffff;
}

#p-navigation {
background-color: #ffffff;
}

#footer {
background-color: #ffffff;
}

/* Namespaces and Views */
div.vectorTabs {
float: left;
height: 2.5em;
background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAAuCAIAAABmjeQ9AAAAQ0lEQVR4AWVOhQEAIAzC/X+xAXbXeoDFGA3A9yk1n4juBROcUegfarWjP3ojZvEzxs6j+nygmo+zzsk79nY+tOxdEhlf3UHVgUFrVwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==);
border-radius-topleft: 1em;
border-radius-topright: 1em;
}
div.vectorTabs ul {
float: left;
height: 100%;
background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAAuCAIAAABmjeQ9AAAAQ0lEQVR4AWVOhQEAIAzC/X+xAXbXeoDFGA3A9yk1n4juBROcUegfarWjP3ojZvEzxs6j+nygmo+zzsk79nY+tOxdEhlf3UHVgUFrVwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==);
border-radius-topleft: 1em;
border-radius-topright: 1em;
}

/* IGNORED BY IE6 which doesn't support child selector */
}
div.vectorTabs ul li {
float: left;
background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAABkCAIAAADITs03AAAAO0lEQVR4AeSKhREAMQzDdN5/5uixuEKDpqgBjl2f78wd2DVj1+26/h///PfteVMN7zoGebcg1/Y/ZQQAlAUtQCujIJMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=);
border-radius-topleft: 1em;
border-radius-topright: 1em;
}
div.vectorTabs li.selected {
background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAABkAQAAAABvV2fNAAAADElEQVR4AWNoGB4QAInlMgFKeRKBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC);
border-radius-topleft: 1em;
border-radius-topright: 1em;
}

#headertabs.round .ui-corner-top {
-moz-border-radius-topleft: 3px;
-webkit-border-top-left-radius: 3px;
-moz-border-radius-topright: 3px;
-webkit-border-top-right-radius: 3px;
border-top-left-radius: 3px 3px;
border-top-right-radius: 3px 3px;
}

#headertabs.round .ui-state-default, .ui-widget-content .ui-state-default, .ui-widget-header .ui-state-default {
border: 1px solid #DDD;
font-weight: normal;
color: #2779AA;
}

/* Reset italic styling set by user agent */
cite, dfn {
font-style: inherit;
}

/* Straight quote marks for <q> */
q {
quotes: '"' '"' "'" "'";
}

/* Avoid collision of blockquote with floating elements by swapping margin and padding */
blockquote {
overflow: hidden;
margin: 1em 0;
padding: 0 40px;
}

/* Prevent the 'double bold' bug in Firefox when using DirectWrite */
strong.selflink {
font-weight: 700;
}

/* Consistent size for <small>, <sub> and <sup> */
small {
font-size: 85%;
}
.mw-body-content sub,
.mw-body-content sup,
span.reference /* for Parsoid */ {
font-size: 80%;
}

/* Same spacing for indented and unidented paragraphs on talk pages */
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dd {
margin-top: 0.4em;
margin-bottom: 0.4em;
}

/* Main page fixes */
#interwiki-completelist {
font-weight: bold;
}

/* Reduce page jumps by hiding collapsed/dismissed content */
.client-js .mw-special-Watchlist #watchlist-message,
.client-js .NavFrame.collapsed .NavContent,
.client-js .collapsible.collapsed > tbody > tr:not(:first-child) {
display: none;
}

/* Tone down 'Changed since last visit' colors */
span.updatedmarker {
background-color: transparent;
color: #006400;
}

/* Edit window toolbar */
#toolbar {
margin-bottom: 6px;
}

/* Hide charinsert base for those not using the gadget */
#editpage-specialchars {
display: none;
}

/* Highlight linked elements (such as clicked references) in blue */
body.action-info .mw-body-content :target,
.citation:target {
background-color: #DEF; /* Fallback */
background-color: rgba(0, 127, 255, 0.133);
}

/* Styling for citations. Breaks long urls, etc., rather than overflowing box */
.citation {
word-wrap: break-word;
}

/* For linked citation numbers and document IDs, where the number need not be shown
on a screen or a handheld, but should be included in the printed version */
@media screen, handheld {
.citation .printonly {
display: none;
}
}

/* Make the list of references smaller */
ol.references,
div.reflist,
div.refbegin {
font-size: 90%; /* Default font-size */
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}
div.refbegin-100 {
font-size: 100%; /* Option for normal fontsize in {{refbegin}} */
}
div.reflist ol.references {
font-size: 100%; /* Reset font-size when nested in div.reflist */
margin-bottom: 0; /* Avoid double margin when nested in div.reflist */
list-style-type: inherit; /* Enable custom list style types */
}

/* Ensure refs in table headers and the like aren't bold or italic */
sup.reference {
font-weight: normal;
font-style: normal;
}

/* Allow hidden ref errors to be shown by user CSS */
span.brokenref {
display: none;
}

/* Hanging indentation for Template:Refbegin */
.refbegin-hanging-indents > ul {
list-style-type: none;
margin-left: 0;
}
.refbegin-hanging-indents > ul > li,
.refbegin-hanging-indents > dl > dd {
margin-left: 0;
padding-left: 3.2em;
text-indent: -3.2em;
list-style: none;
}

/* Reset top margin for lists embedded in columns */
div.columns {
margin-top: 0.3em;
}
div.columns dl,
div.columns ol,
div.columns ul {
margin-top: 0;
}

/* Avoid elements from breaking between columns */
.nocolbreak,
div.columns li,
div.columns dd dd {
-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;
page-break-inside: avoid;
break-inside: avoid-column;
}

/* Style for [[Template:Flowlist]] that Lets lists flow around floating objecs */
.flowlist ul {
overflow-x: hidden;
margin-left: 0;
padding-left: 1.6em;
}
.flowlist ol {
overflow-x: hidden;
margin-left: 0;
padding-left: 3.2em;
}
.flowlist dl {
overflow-x: hidden;
}

/* Style for horizontal lists (separator following item).
@source mediawiki.org/wiki/Snippets/Horizontal_lists
@revision 8 (2016-05-21)
@author [[User:Edokter]]
*/
.hlist dl,
.hlist ol,
.hlist ul {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
/* Display list items inline */
.hlist dd,
.hlist dt,
.hlist li {
margin: 0;
display: inline;
}
/* Display nested lists inline */
.hlist.inline,
.hlist.inline dl,
.hlist.inline ol,
.hlist.inline ul,
.hlist dl dl, .hlist dl ol, .hlist dl ul,
.hlist ol dl, .hlist ol ol, .hlist ol ul,
.hlist ul dl, .hlist ul ol, .hlist ul ul {
display: inline;
}
/* Hide empty list items */
.hlist .mw-empty-li {
display: none;
}
/* Generate interpuncts */
.hlist dt:after {
content: ": ";
}
.hlist dd:after,
.hlist li:after {
content: " · ";
font-weight: bold;
}
.hlist dd:last-child:after,
.hlist dt:last-child:after,
.hlist li:last-child:after {
content: none;
}
/* Add parentheses around nested lists */
.hlist dd dd:first-child:before, .hlist dd dt:first-child:before, .hlist dd li:first-child:before,
.hlist dt dd:first-child:before, .hlist dt dt:first-child:before, .hlist dt li:first-child:before,
.hlist li dd:first-child:before, .hlist li dt:first-child:before, .hlist li li:first-child:before {
content: " (";
font-weight: normal;
}
.hlist dd dd:last-child:after, .hlist dd dt:last-child:after, .hlist dd li:last-child:after,
.hlist dt dd:last-child:after, .hlist dt dt:last-child:after, .hlist dt li:last-child:after,
.hlist li dd:last-child:after, .hlist li dt:last-child:after, .hlist li li:last-child:after {
content: ")";
font-weight: normal;
}
/* Put ordinals in front of ordered list items */
.hlist ol {
counter-reset: listitem;
}
.hlist ol > li {
counter-increment: listitem;
}
.hlist ol > li:before {
content: " " counter(listitem) "\a0";
}
.hlist dd ol > li:first-child:before,
.hlist dt ol > li:first-child:before,
.hlist li ol > li:first-child:before {
content: " (" counter(listitem) "\a0";
}

/* Unbulleted lists */
.plainlist ol,
.plainlist ul {
line-height: inherit;
list-style: none none;
margin: 0;
}
.plainlist ol li,
.plainlist ul li {
margin-bottom: 0;
}

/* Default style for navigation boxes */
.navbox { /* Navbox container style */
box-sizing: border-box;
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
width: 100%;
clear: both;
font-size: 88%;
text-align: center;
padding: 1px;
margin: 1em auto 0; /* Prevent preceding content from clinging to navboxes */
}
.navbox .navbox {
margin-top: 0; /* No top margin for nested navboxes */
}
.navbox + .navbox {
margin-top: -1px; /* Single pixel border between adjacent navboxes */
}
.navbox-inner,
.navbox-subgroup {
width: 100%;
}
.navbox-group,
.navbox-title,
.navbox-abovebelow {
padding: 0.25em 1em; /* Title, group and above/below styles */
line-height: 1.5em;
text-align: center;
}
th.navbox-group { /* Group style */
white-space: nowrap;
/* @noflip */
text-align: right;
}
.navbox,
.navbox-subgroup {
background: #fdfdfd; /* Background color */
}
.navbox-list {
line-height: 1.5em;
border-color: #fdfdfd; /* Must match background color */
}
/* cell spacing for navbox cells */
tr + tr > .navbox-abovebelow,
tr + tr > .navbox-group,
tr + tr > .navbox-image,
tr + tr > .navbox-list { /* Borders above 2nd, 3rd, etc. rows */
border-top: 2px solid #fdfdfd; /* Must match background color */
}
.navbox th,
.navbox-title {
background: #ccccff; /* Level 1 color */
}
.navbox-abovebelow,
th.navbox-group,
.navbox-subgroup .navbox-title {
background: #ddddff; /* Level 2 color */
}
.navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,
.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow {
background: #e6e6ff; /* Level 3 color */
}
.navbox-even {
background: #f7f7f7; /* Even row striping */
}
.navbox-odd {
background: transparent; /* Odd row striping */
}
.navbox .hlist td dl,
.navbox .hlist td ol,
.navbox .hlist td ul,
.navbox td.hlist dl,
.navbox td.hlist ol,
.navbox td.hlist ul {
padding: 0.125em 0; /* Adjust hlist padding in navboxes */
}

/* Default styling for Navbar template */
.navbar {
display: inline;
font-size: 88%;
font-weight: normal;
}
.navbar ul {
display: inline;
white-space: nowrap;
}
.mw-body-content .navbar ul {
line-height: inherit;
}
.navbar li {
word-spacing: -0.125em;
}
.navbar.mini li abbr[title] {
font-variant: small-caps;
border-bottom: none;
text-decoration: none;
cursor: inherit;
}
/* Navbar styling when nested in infobox and navbox */
.infobox .navbar {
font-size: 100%;
}
.navbox .navbar {
display: block;
font-size: 100%;
}
.navbox-title .navbar {
/* @noflip */
float: left;
/* @noflip */
text-align: left;
/* @noflip */
margin-right: 0.5em;
}

/* 'show'/'hide' buttons created dynamically by the CollapsibleTables javascript
in [[MediaWiki:Common.js]] are styled here so they can be customised. */
.collapseButton {
/* @noflip */
float: right;
font-weight: normal;
/* @noflip */
margin-left: 0.5em;
/* @noflip */
text-align: right;
width: auto;
}

/* Styling for JQuery makeCollapsible, matching that of collapseButton */
.mw-parser-output .mw-collapsible-toggle {
font-weight: normal;
/* @noflip */
text-align: right;
padding-right: 0.2em;
padding-left: 0.2em;
}
.mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle .mw-collapsible-toggle {
/* @noflip */
float: left;
/* @noflip */
text-align: left;
}

/* Infobox template style */
.infobox {
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
border-spacing: 3px;
background-color: #f8f9fa;
color: black;
/* @noflip */
margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;
padding: 0.2em;
/* @noflip */
float: right;
/* @noflip */
clear: right;
font-size: 88%;
line-height: 1.5em;
}
.infobox caption {
font-size: 125%;
font-weight: bold;
padding: 0.2em;
text-align: center;
}
.infobox td,
.infobox th {
vertical-align: top;
/* @noflip */
text-align: left;
}
.infobox.bordered {
border-collapse: collapse;
}
.infobox.bordered td,
.infobox.bordered th {
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
}
.infobox.bordered .borderless td,
.infobox.bordered .borderless th {
border: 0;
}

.infobox.sisterproject {
width: 20em;
font-size: 90%;
}

.infobox.standard-talk {
border: 1px solid #c0c090;
background-color: #f8eaba;
}
.infobox.standard-talk.bordered td,
.infobox.standard-talk.bordered th {
border: 1px solid #c0c090;
}

/* styles for bordered infobox with merged rows */
.infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow td,
.infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow th {
border: 0;
border-top: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
/* @noflip */
border-right: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
}

.infobox.bordered .mergedrow td,
.infobox.bordered .mergedrow th {
border: 0;
/* @noflip */
border-right: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
}

/* Styles for geography infoboxes, eg countries,
country subdivisions, cities, etc. */
.infobox.geography {
border-collapse: collapse;
line-height: 1.2em;
font-size: 90%;
}

.infobox.geography td,
.infobox.geography th {
border-top: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
padding: 0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em;
}
.infobox.geography .mergedtoprow td,
.infobox.geography .mergedtoprow th {
border-top: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
padding: 0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;
}

.infobox.geography .mergedrow td,
.infobox.geography .mergedrow th {
border: 0;
padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;
}

.infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td,
.infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th {
border-top: 0;
border-bottom: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
padding: 0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em;
}

.infobox.geography .maptable td,
.infobox.geography .maptable th {
border: 0;
padding: 0;
}

/* Normal font styling for table row headers with scope="row" tag */
.wikitable.plainrowheaders th[scope=row] {
font-weight: normal;
/* @noflip */
text-align: left;
}

/* Lists in data cells are always left-aligned */
.wikitable td ul,
.wikitable td ol,
.wikitable td dl {
/* @noflip */
text-align: left;
}
/* ...unless they also use the hlist class */
.toc.hlist ul,
#toc.hlist ul,
.wikitable.hlist td ul,
.wikitable.hlist td ol,
.wikitable.hlist td dl {
text-align: inherit;
}

/* Icons for medialist templates [[Template:Listen]],
[[Template:Multi-listen_start]], [[Template:Video]],
[[Template:Multi-video_start]] */
div.listenlist {
background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Sound-icon.svg") no-repeat scroll 0 0 transparent;
background-size: 30px;
padding-left: 40px;
}

/* Fix for hieroglyphs specificality issue in infoboxes ([[Phabricator:43869]]) */
table.mw-hiero-table td {
vertical-align: middle;
}

/* Style rules for media list templates */
div.medialist {
min-height: 50px;
margin: 1em;
/* @noflip */
background-position: top left;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
}
div.medialist ul {
list-style-type: none;
list-style-image: none;
margin: 0;
}
div.medialist ul li {
padding-bottom: 0.5em;
}
div.medialist ul li li {
font-size: 91%;
padding-bottom: 0;
}

/* Change the external link icon to an Adobe icon for all PDF files
in browsers that support these CSS selectors, like Mozilla and Opera */
div#content a[href$=".pdf"].external,
div#content a[href*=".pdf?"].external,
div#content a[href*=".pdf#"].external,
div#content a[href$=".PDF"].external,
div#content a[href*=".PDF?"].external,
div#content a[href*=".PDF#"].external,
div#mw_content a[href$=".pdf"].external,
div#mw_content a[href*=".pdf?"].external,
div#mw_content a[href*=".pdf#"].external,
div#mw_content a[href$=".PDF"].external,
div#mw_content a[href*=".PDF?"].external,
div#mw_content a[href*=".PDF#"].external {
background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") no-repeat right;
/* @noflip */
padding-right: 18px;
}

/* Content in columns with CSS instead of tables ([[Template:Columns]]) */
div.columns-2 div.column {
/* @noflip */
float: left;
width: 50%;
min-width: 300px;
}
div.columns-3 div.column {
/* @noflip */
float: left;
width: 33.3%;
min-width: 200px;
}
div.columns-4 div.column {
/* @noflip */
float: left;
width: 25%;
min-width: 150px;
}
div.columns-5 div.column {
/* @noflip */
float: left;
width: 20%;
min-width: 120px;
}

/* Messagebox templates */
.messagebox {
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
background-color: #f8f9fa;
width: 80%;
margin: 0 auto 1em auto;
padding: .2em;
}
.messagebox.merge {
border: 1px solid #c0b8cc;
background-color: #f0e5ff;
text-align: center;
}
.messagebox.cleanup {
border: 1px solid #9f9fff;
background-color: #efefff;
text-align: center;
}
.messagebox.standard-talk {
border: 1px solid #c0c090;
background-color: #f8eaba;
margin: 4px auto;
}
/* For old WikiProject banners inside banner shells. */
.mbox-inside .standard-talk,
.messagebox.nested-talk {
border: 1px solid #c0c090;
background-color: #f8eaba;
width: 100%;
margin: 2px 0;
padding: 2px;
}
.messagebox.small {
width: 238px;
font-size: 85%;
/* @noflip */
float: right;
clear: both;
/* @noflip */
margin: 0 0 1em 1em;
line-height: 1.25em;
}
.messagebox.small-talk {
width: 238px;
font-size: 85%;
/* @noflip */
float: right;
clear: both;
/* @noflip */
margin: 0 0 1em 1em;
line-height: 1.25em;
background: #F8EABA;
}

/* Cell sizes for ambox/tmbox/imbox/cmbox/ombox/fmbox/dmbox message boxes */
th.mbox-text, td.mbox-text { /* The message body cell(s) */
border: none;
/* @noflip */
padding: 0.25em 0.9em; /* 0.9em left/right */
width: 100%; /* Make all mboxes the same width regardless of text length */
}
td.mbox-image { /* The left image cell */
border: none;
/* @noflip */
padding: 2px 0 2px 0.9em; /* 0.9em left, 0px right */
text-align: center;
}
td.mbox-imageright { /* The right image cell */
border: none;
/* @noflip */
padding: 2px 0.9em 2px 0; /* 0px left, 0.9em right */
text-align: center;
}
td.mbox-empty-cell { /* An empty narrow cell */
border: none;
padding: 0;
width: 1px;
}

/* Article message box styles */
table.ambox {
margin: 0 10%; /* 10% = Will not overlap with other elements */
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
/* @noflip */
border-left: 10px solid #36c; /* Default "notice" blue */
background: #fbfbfb;
}
table.ambox + table.ambox { /* Single border between stacked boxes. */
margin-top: -1px;
}
.ambox th.mbox-text,
.ambox td.mbox-text { /* The message body cell(s) */
padding: 0.25em 0.5em; /* 0.5em left/right */
}
.ambox td.mbox-image { /* The left image cell */
/* @noflip */
padding: 2px 0 2px 0.5em; /* 0.5em left, 0px right */
}
.ambox td.mbox-imageright { /* The right image cell */
/* @noflip */
padding: 2px 0.5em 2px 0; /* 0px left, 0.5em right */
}

table.ambox-notice {
/* @noflip */
border-left: 10px solid #36c; /* Blue */
}
table.ambox-speedy {
/* @noflip */
border-left: 10px solid #b32424; /* Red */
background: #fee7e6; /* Pink */
}
table.ambox-delete {
/* @noflip */
border-left: 10px solid #b32424; /* Red */
}
table.ambox-content {
/* @noflip */
border-left: 10px solid #f28500; /* Orange */
}
table.ambox-style {
/* @noflip */
border-left: 10px solid #fc3; /* Yellow */
}
table.ambox-move {
/* @noflip */
border-left: 10px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */
}
table.ambox-protection {
/* @noflip */
border-left: 10px solid #a2a9b1; /* Gray-gold */
}

/* Image message box styles */
table.imbox {
margin: 4px 10%;
border-collapse: collapse;
border: 3px solid #36c; /* Default "notice" blue */
background: #fbfbfb;
}
.imbox .mbox-text .imbox { /* For imboxes inside imbox-text cells. */
margin: 0 -0.5em; /* 0.9 - 0.5 = 0.4em left/right. */
display: block; /* Fix for webkit to force 100% width. */
}
.mbox-inside .imbox { /* For imboxes inside other templates. */
margin: 4px;
}

table.imbox-notice {
border: 3px solid #36c; /* Blue */
}
table.imbox-speedy {
border: 3px solid #b32424; /* Red */
background: #fee7e6; /* Pink */
}
table.imbox-delete {
border: 3px solid #b32424; /* Red */
}
table.imbox-content {
border: 3px solid #f28500; /* Orange */
}
table.imbox-style {
border: 3px solid #fc3; /* Yellow */
}
table.imbox-move {
border: 3px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */
}
table.imbox-protection {
border: 3px solid #a2a9b1; /* Gray-gold */
}
table.imbox-license {
border: 3px solid #88a; /* Dark gray */
background: #f7f8ff; /* Light gray */
}
table.imbox-featured {
border: 3px solid #cba135; /* Brown-gold */
}

/* Category message box styles */
table.cmbox {
margin: 3px 10%;
border-collapse: collapse;
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
background: #DFE8FF; /* Default "notice" blue */
}

table.cmbox-notice {
background: #D8E8FF; /* Blue */
}
table.cmbox-speedy {
margin-top: 4px;
margin-bottom: 4px;
border: 4px solid #b32424; /* Red */
background: #FFDBDB; /* Pink */
}
table.cmbox-delete {
background: #FFDBDB; /* Red */
}
table.cmbox-content {
background: #FFE7CE; /* Orange */
}
table.cmbox-style {
background: #FFF9DB; /* Yellow */
}
table.cmbox-move {
background: #E4D8FF; /* Purple */
}
table.cmbox-protection {
background: #EFEFE1; /* Gray-gold */
}

/* Other pages message box styles */
table.ombox {
margin: 4px 10%;
border-collapse: collapse;
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; /* Default "notice" gray */
background: #f8f9fa;
}

table.ombox-notice {
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; /* Gray */
}
table.ombox-speedy {
border: 2px solid #b32424; /* Red */
background: #fee7e6; /* Pink */
}
table.ombox-delete {
border: 2px solid #b32424; /* Red */
}
table.ombox-content {
border: 1px solid #f28500; /* Orange */
}
table.ombox-style {
border: 1px solid #fc3; /* Yellow */
}
table.ombox-move {
border: 1px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */
}
table.ombox-protection {
border: 2px solid #a2a9b1; /* Gray-gold */
}

/* Talk page message box styles */
table.tmbox {
margin: 4px 10%;
border-collapse: collapse;
border: 1px solid #c0c090; /* Default "notice" gray-brown */
background: #f8eaba;
}
.mediawiki .mbox-inside .tmbox { /* For tmboxes inside other templates. The "mediawiki" class ensures that */
margin: 2px 0; /* this declaration overrides other styles (including mbox-small above) */
width: 100%; /* For Safari and Opera */
}
.mbox-inside .tmbox.mbox-small { /* "small" tmboxes should not be small when */
line-height: 1.5em; /* also "nested", so reset styles that are */
font-size: 100%; /* set in "mbox-small" above. */
}

table.tmbox-speedy {
border: 2px solid #b32424; /* Red */
background: #fee7e6; /* Pink */
}
table.tmbox-delete {
border: 2px solid #b32424; /* Red */
}
table.tmbox-content {
border: 2px solid #f28500; /* Orange */
}
table.tmbox-style {
border: 2px solid #fc3; /* Yellow */
}
table.tmbox-move {
border: 2px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */
}
table.tmbox-protection,
table.tmbox-notice {
border: 1px solid #c0c090; /* Gray-brown */
}

/* Disambig and set index box styles */
table.dmbox {
clear: both;
margin: 0.9em 1em;
border-top: 1px solid #ccc;
border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;
background: transparent;
}

/* Footer and header message box styles */
table.fmbox {
clear: both;
margin: 0.2em 0;
width: 100%;
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
background: #f8f9fa; /* Default "system" gray */
}
table.fmbox-system {
background: #f8f9fa;
}
table.fmbox-warning {
border: 1px solid #bb7070; /* Dark pink */
background: #ffdbdb; /* Pink */
}
table.fmbox-editnotice {
background: transparent;
}
/* Div based "warning" style fmbox messages. */
div.mw-warning-with-logexcerpt,
div.mw-lag-warn-high,
div.mw-cascadeprotectedwarning,
div#mw-protect-cascadeon,
div.titleblacklist-warning,
div.locked-warning {
clear: both;
margin: 0.2em 0;
border: 1px solid #bb7070;
background: #ffdbdb;
padding: 0.25em 0.9em;
}
/* Div based "system" style fmbox messages.
Used in [[MediaWiki:Readonly lag]]. */
div.mw-lag-warn-normal,
div.fmbox-system {
clear: both;
margin: 0.2em 0;
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
background: #f8f9fa;
padding: 0.25em 0.9em;
}

/* These mbox-small classes must be placed after all other
ambox/tmbox/ombox etc classes. "html body.mediawiki" is so
they override "table.ambox + table.ambox" above. */
html body.mediawiki .mbox-small { /* For the "small=yes" option. */
/* @noflip */
clear: right;
/* @noflip */
float: right;
/* @noflip */
margin: 4px 0 4px 1em;
box-sizing: border-box;
width: 238px;
font-size: 88%;
line-height: 1.25em;
}
html body.mediawiki .mbox-small-left { /* For the "small=left" option. */
/* @noflip */
margin: 4px 1em 4px 0;
box-sizing: border-box;
overflow: hidden;
width: 238px;
border-collapse: collapse;
font-size: 88%;
line-height: 1.25em;
}

/* Style for compact ambox */
/* Hide the images */
.compact-ambox table .mbox-image,
.compact-ambox table .mbox-imageright,
.compact-ambox table .mbox-empty-cell {
display: none;
}
/* Remove borders, backgrounds, padding, etc. */
.compact-ambox table.ambox {
border: none;
border-collapse: collapse;
background: transparent;
margin: 0 0 0 1.6em !important;
padding: 0 !important;
width: auto;
display: block;
}
body.mediawiki .compact-ambox table.mbox-small-left {
font-size: 100%;
width: auto;
margin: 0;
}
/* Style the text cell as a list item and remove its padding */
.compact-ambox table .mbox-text {
padding: 0 !important;
margin: 0 !important;
}
.compact-ambox table .mbox-text-span {
display: list-item;
line-height: 1.5em;
list-style-type: square;
list-style-image: url(/w/skins/MonoBook/bullet.gif);
}
.skin-vector .compact-ambox table .mbox-text-span {
list-style-type: disc;
list-style-image: url(/w/skins/Vector/images/bullet-icon.svg);
list-style-image: url(/w/skins/Vector/images/bullet-icon.png)\9;
}
/* Allow for hiding text in compact form */
.compact-ambox .hide-when-compact {
display: none;
}

/* Remove default styles for [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]]. */
div.noarticletext {
border: none;
background: transparent;
padding: 0;
}

/* Hide (formatting) elements from screen, but not from screenreaders */
.visualhide {
position: absolute;
left: -10000px;
top: auto;
width: 1px;
height: 1px;
overflow: hidden;
}

/* suppress missing interwiki image links where #ifexist cannot
be used due to high number of requests see .hidden-redlink on
[[m:MediaWiki:Common.css]] */
.check-icon a.new {
display: none;
speak: none;
}

/* Removes underlines from certain links */
.nounderlines a,
.IPA a:link, .IPA a:visited {
text-decoration: none !important;
}

/* Standard Navigationsleisten, aka box hiding thingy
from .de. Documentation at [[Wikipedia:NavFrame]]. */
div.NavFrame {
margin: 0;
padding: 4px;
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
text-align: center;
border-collapse: collapse;
font-size: 95%;
}
div.NavFrame + div.NavFrame {
border-top-style: none;
border-top-style: hidden;
}
div.NavPic {
background-color: #fff;
margin: 0;
padding: 2px;
/* @noflip */
float: left;
}
div.NavFrame div.NavHead {
line-height: 1.6em;
font-weight: bold;
background-color: #ccf;
position: relative;
}
div.NavFrame p,
div.NavFrame div.NavContent,
div.NavFrame div.NavContent p {
font-size: 100%;
}
div.NavEnd {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
line-height: 1px;
clear: both;
}
a.NavToggle {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
/* @noflip */
right: 3px;
font-weight: normal;
font-size: 90%;
}

/* Hatnotes and disambiguation notices */
.hatnote {
font-style: italic;
}
.hatnote i {
font-style: normal;
}
div.hatnote {
/* @noflip */
padding-left: 1.6em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}
div.hatnote + div.hatnote {
margin-top: -0.5em;
}

/* Allow transcluded pages to display in lists rather than a table. */
.listify td { display: list-item; }
.listify tr { display: block; }
.listify table { display: block; }

/* Geographical coordinates defaults. See [[Template:Coord/link]]
for how these are used. The classes "geo", "longitude", and
"latitude" are used by the [[Geo microformat]]. */
.geo-default, .geo-dms, .geo-dec { display: inline; }
.geo-nondefault, .geo-multi-punct { display: none; }
.longitude, .latitude { white-space: nowrap; }

/* Temporary(!) fix for horizontal TOC in Blink (Chrone/Opera) */
.hlist .tocnumber,
.hlist .toctext {
display: inline;
}
/* When <div class="nonumtoc"> is used on the table of contents,
the ToC will display without numbers */
.nonumtoc .tocnumber {
display: none;
}
.nonumtoc #toc ul,
.nonumtoc .toc ul {
line-height: 1.5em;
list-style: none none;
margin: .3em 0 0;
padding: 0;
}
.hlist.nonumtoc #toc ul ul,
.hlist.nonumtoc .toc ul ul {
/* @noflip */
margin: 0;
}

/* Allow limiting of which header levels are shown in a TOC;
<div class="toclimit-3">, for instance, will limit to
showing ==headings== and ===headings=== but no further
(as long as there are no =headings= on the page, which
there shouldn't be according to the MoS). */
.toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,
.toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,
.toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,
.toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,
.toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,
.toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul {
display: none;
}

/* Styling for Template:Quote */
blockquote.templatequote div.templatequotecite {
line-height: 1.5em;
/* @noflip */
text-align: left;
/* @noflip */
padding-left: 1.6em;
margin-top: 0;
}

/* User block messages */
div.user-block {
padding: 5px;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
border: 1px solid #A9A9A9;
background-color: #FFEFD5;
}

/* Prevent line breaks in silly places:
1) Where desired
2) Links when we don't want them to
3) Bold "links" to the page itself */
.nowrap,
.nowraplinks a,
.nowraplinks .selflink {
white-space: nowrap;
}
.nowrap pre {
white-space: pre;
}
/* But allow wrapping where desired: */
.wrap,
.wraplinks a {
white-space: normal;
}

/* For template documentation */
.template-documentation {
clear: both;
margin: 1em 0 0 0;
border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;
background-color: #ecfcf4;
padding: 1em;
}

/* Increase the height of the image upload box */
#wpUploadDescription {
height: 13em;
}

/* Minimum thumb width */
.thumbinner {
min-width: 100px;
}

/* Prevent floating boxes from overlapping any category listings,
file histories, edit previews, and edit [Show changes] views. */
#mw-subcategories, #mw-pages, #mw-category-media,
#filehistory, #wikiPreview, #wikiDiff {
clear: both;
}

/* Selectively hide headers in WikiProject banners */
.wpb .wpb-header { display: none; }
.wpbs-inner .wpb .wpb-header { display: block; } /* for IE */
.wpbs-inner .wpb .wpb-header { display: table-row; } /* for real browsers */
.wpbs-inner .wpb-outside { display: none; } /* hide things that should only display outside shells */

/* Styling for Abuse Filter tags */
.mw-tag-markers {
font-style:italic;
font-size:90%;
}

/* Hide stuff meant for accounts with special permissions. Made visible again in
[[MediaWiki:Group-sysop.css]], [[MediaWiki:Group-patroller.css]],
[[MediaWiki:Group-templateeditor.css]], [[MediaWiki:Group-extendedmover.css]] and [[Mediawiki:Group-autoconfirmed.css]]. */
.sysop-show,
.templateeditor-show,
.extendedmover-show,
.patroller-show,
.autoconfirmed-show,
.user-show {
display: none;
}

/**
* Hide the redlink generated by {{Editnotice}},
* this overrides the ".sysop-show { display: none; }" above that applies
* to the same link as well. See [[phab:T45013]]
*
* Hide the images in editnotices to keep them readable in VE view.
* Long term, editnotices should become a core feature so that they can be designed responsive.
*/
.ve-ui-mwNoticesPopupTool-item .editnotice-redlink,
.ve-ui-mwNoticesPopupTool-item .mbox-image,
.ve-ui-mwNoticesPopupTool-item .mbox-imageright {
display: none !important;
}

/* Remove bullets when there are multiple edit page warnings */
ul.permissions-errors > li {
list-style: none none;
}
ul.permissions-errors {
margin: 0;
}

/* Pie chart: transparent borders */
.transborder {
border: solid transparent;
}

/* Generic class for Times-based serif, texhtml class for inline math */
.times-serif,
span.texhtml {
font-family: "Nimbus Roman No9 L", "Times New Roman", Times, serif;
font-size: 118%;
line-height: 1;
}
span.texhtml {
white-space: nowrap;
}
span.texhtml span.texhtml {
font-size: 100%;
}
span.mwe-math-mathml-inline {
font-size: 118%;
}

/* Force tabular and lining display for digits and texhtml */
.digits,
.texhtml {
-moz-font-feature-settings: "lnum", "tnum", "kern" 0;
-webkit-font-feature-settings: "lnum", "tnum", "kern" 0;
font-feature-settings: "lnum", "tnum", "kern" 0;
font-variant-numeric: lining-nums tabular-nums;
font-kerning: none;
}

/* Make <math display="block"> be left aligned with one space indent for compatibility with style conventions */
.mwe-math-fallback-image-display,
.mwe-math-mathml-display {
margin-left: 1.6em !important;
margin-top: 0.6em;
margin-bottom: 0.6em;
}
.mwe-math-mathml-display math {
display: inline;
}

/* Fix styling of transcluded prefindex tables */
table#mw-prefixindex-list-table,
table#mw-prefixindex-nav-table {
width: 98%;
}

/* For portals, added 2011-12-07 -bv
On wide screens, show these as two columns
On narrow and mobile screens, let them collapse into a single column */
.portal-column-left {
float: left;
width: 50%;
}
.portal-column-right {
float: right;
width: 49%;
}
.portal-column-left-wide {
float: left;
width: 60%;
}
.portal-column-right-narrow {
float: right;
width: 39%;
}
.portal-column-left-extra-wide {
float: left;
width: 70%;
}
.portal-column-right-extra-narrow {
float: right;
width: 29%;
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 800px) {
/* Decouple the columns on narrow screens */
.portal-column-left,
.portal-column-right,
.portal-column-left-wide,
.portal-column-right-narrow,
.portal-column-left-extra-wide,
.portal-column-right-extra-narrow {
float: inherit;
width: inherit;
}
}

/* Formerly for announcements, now used intermittently */
#bodyContent .letterhead {
background-image:url('//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Tan-page-corner.png');
background-repeat:no-repeat;
padding: 2em;
background-color: #faf9f2;
}

/* Tree style lists */
.treeview ul {
padding: 0;
margin: 0;
}
.treeview li {
padding: 0;
margin: 0;
list-style-type: none;
list-style-image: none;
}
.treeview li li {
background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png") no-repeat 0 -2981px;
/* @noflip */
padding-left: 20px;
text-indent: 0.3em;
}
.treeview li li.lastline {
background-position: 0 -5971px
}
.treeview li.emptyline > ul {
/* @noflip */
margin-left: -1px;
}
/* first line here deals with new situation after RemexHTML switch,
* where emptyline cause the first child to become the 2nd child. Such a mess
*/
.mw-parsermigration-right .treeview li.emptyline > ul > .mw-empty-elt:first-child + .emptyline,
.treeview li.emptyline > ul > li:first-child {
background-position: 0 9px
}

/* hidden sortkey for tablesorter */
td .sortkey,
th .sortkey {
display: none;
speak: none;
}

/* Make it possible to hide checkboxes in <inputbox> */
.inputbox-hidecheckboxes form .inputbox-element,
.inputbox-hidecheckboxes .mw-ui-checkbox {
display: none !important;
}

/* Work-around for [[Phabricator:25965]] (Kaltura advertisement) */
.k-player .k-attribution {
visibility: hidden;
}

/* Move 'play' button of video player to bottom left corner */
.PopUpMediaTransform a .play-btn-large {
margin: 0;
top: auto;
right: auto;
bottom: 0;
left: 0;
}

/* Hide FlaggedRevs notice UI when there are no pending changes */
.flaggedrevs_draft_synced,
.flaggedrevs_stable_synced {
display: none;
}

/* Gallery styles background changes are restricted to screen view. In printing we should avoid applying backgrounds. */
@media screen {
/* The backgrounds for galleries. */
#content .gallerybox div.thumb {
/* Light gray padding */
background-color: #f8f9fa;
}

/* Put a chequered background behind images, only visible if they have transparency.
'.filehistory a img' and '#file img:hover' are handled by MediaWiki core (as of 1.19) */
.gallerybox .thumb img {
background: #fff url(//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Checker-16x16.png) repeat;
}
/* But not on articles, user pages, portals or with opt-out. */
.ns-0 .gallerybox .thumb img,
.ns-2 .gallerybox .thumb img,
.ns-100 .gallerybox .thumb img,
.nochecker .gallerybox .thumb img {
background: #fff;
}

/* T178626 */
#contentSub:empty,
#contentSub2:empty {
display: block !important;
}

#contentSub:empty ~ #jump-to-nav,
#contentSub2:empty ~ #jump-to-nav {
margin-top: -1.4em !important;
margin-bottom: 1.4em !important;
}

}

#toc {
position: fixed;
right: 0;
top: 7em; /* 5em is height of header, 6em brings just under */
/* bottom: 5em; /* 5em puts us above the footer; not bad but too low when TOC is collapsed */

z-index: 10000; /* Ensure we float above the header, etc. */

/* Add opacity (translucency) */
background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);
background-color: rgba(249, 249, 249, 0.9); /* Higher opacity (last arg) means less transparency */
}
/* Ensure the TOC height doesn't take over the screen; percentages may be higher than view port, so we use pixels */
#toc > ul {
max-height: 350px;
overflow: auto;
}
.toctoggle {
float: right;
}